Risk Management Aqua Plc.

Introduction Risk management is a critical aspect that provides organisations with the security to operate with limited danger. Managers can either reduce or avoid risks that are likely to encounter their respective organisations. This paper analyses in detail the risk situation faced by Aqua Plc., a water company.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Management: Aqua Plc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm has encountered increased competition due to its high operating costs and is seeking to lower the same through the acquisition of new equipment and materials. Project Objective The objective of the project is to address the poor market performance of Aqua Plc. The company has suffered mainly from two areas of technology and failure of control over its entire marketing procedure. As a result, its production has relatively been higher than that of its competitors in terms of cost, while the profit ma rgins have also been smaller. Risk Equipment acquisition There is likelihood that the new production line equipment may not be supplied to Aqua Plc in good time. The new equipment is being ordered from a supplier who must also get involved in testing its operations prior to the full launch. This means Aqua Plc directly relies on an external company to help it install and launch the equipment (Kremljak et al. 2012, p. 1717). It has no direct control over the equipment’s supplier and thus this is resulting in heightened risk. Apart from the supplier of the main equipment, provision of materials also needs to be undertaken by suppliers (Kremljak et al. 2012 p. 1717). The main equipment’s supplier does not deal with the necessary materials required for the functioning of the equipment. Aqua, thus, needs to enter into agreements with other supplier firms to enable the delivery of the materials, such as injections moulds, plastic materials, as well as other accessories.Adver tising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This further causes the risk in the sense that Aqua is depending on various supplier firms to sustain its new programme yet it lacks direct control over the supplier firms. Even where one supplier firm fulfils its obligation of delivering the materials, the project may still fail to take off because all suppliers involved must fulfil their obligations in time to enable the project take off. Technological impacts and aspects could as well result into a risk. While the suppliers may deliver the equipments in time, technological challenges may hamper the immediate operation of the same. The equipment’s standards and requirements may fail to match with the actual production at Aqua Plc (Real, Leal, Roldà ¡n, 2006, p. 284). In this case, it may require additional time for the supplier to acquire the right technology before launching the n ew equipment. Additionally, it may force Aqua Plc to spend additional capital, on top of the 1,500,000.00 already paid to have the proper alignment and installation of the new equipment. Impacts The suppliers’ delay to deliver the new production equipment will result in Aqua Plc continuing to operate under high production costs (Berry Collier, 2007, p. 1005). The frequent equipment breakdowns at the firm will continue, which hampers Aqua from attaining the targeted volume within the next two years. The price of its finished products will remain high, thereby limiting improvement of the firm’s performance in the market (Morten, John Harry, 2003, p. 369). Equally, the old equipment currently in use at Aqua does not help in the satisfaction of Health and Safety parameter, as well as achievement of the set water quality standards as is defined by the World Health Organisation, WHO. In essence, Aqua may still face difficulties in marketing its products because they do not meet the certified standards (Mitchell, Moutinho, Lewis, 2003, p. 1). Consumers often rely upon such standards before making their buy decisions (Beatty, Scott Liao, Weber, 2010, p. 17).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Management: Aqua Plc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More New equipments often come with training on how to operate. The training takes significant time, depending on the complexity of the technology involved. In the case of Aqua, these trainings may imply the equipment operating at a lower rate as workers are educated on how to operate the machine and other related procedures (Yen-Ku Kung-Don, 2010, p. 287). Such a reduced scale of operation, on the other hand, would imply that the firm operates at below capacity thus failing to achieve its break-even point within the anticipated time. Change of Marketing Procedure The new marketing plans by Aqua Plc. pose as a risky affair for the com pany. Selling directly to the retailers may see the wholesalers and distributors shun Aqua products because of lack of market. Selling directly to the retailers is an indicator that the distributors and wholesalers will not be able to sell to the retailers. This is risky because reaching all the retailers will be costly for the firm. Additionally, it is a costly venture because the economy of scale advantage that comes with selling products to the wholesalers and distributors is not achievable with the retailers. Thus, the high costs of direct distribution to retailers would still minimise the profit margins of the firm (Burnard Bhamra, 2011, p. 5581). Impacts The high costs of distributing the company’s products directly to the retailers will see the firm lose its competitive ability further. The high costs of distribution will be passed down to consumers in form of increased prices. Thus, Aqua will continue facing the disadvantage of price in the market, compared to its co mpetitors and rival products (Reissner, 2008, p. 143). Qualitative Assessment of the Risk The qualitative risk faced by Aqua Plc. is high. The firm needs to pay a cost of 1,500,000.00 in order to acquire and establish its new equipment. Delays by the supplier will see the company having already spent the amount yet not benefiting from the equipment advantages. The continued use of the older equipment will thus see the firm’s operations maintain the high cost of operations, which is a disadvantage to its competitive business position.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An alternative for the firm in case of delayed deliveries is to rely on the old equipment but operate on night shifts as well in order to meet the expected volume in production. This will see a further 185,000.00 being spent to sustain the night shift programme (Piercey, 2011, p. 223). There is also the aspect of damaged reputation, which comes in as a result of the delayed delivery of the equipment (Tong, 2013, p. 131). Water products are expected to meet health and safety directive as well as fulfil the acceptable quality standards as have been established by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The old equipment at Aqua does not satisfy these standards. Thus, a delayed delivery of the new equipment will see the company continue to sell products that do not meet the agreed set standards. Once consumers of the product become aware of the quality issues that are being compromised by Aqua, they will shun the product. Thus, Aqua will run into further losses as it will experience a big drop in its sales. A combination of the costs involved and the reputation risks makes the qualitative risk faced by Aqua Plc to be high (Soares et al. 2011, p. 69). Responses Risk avoidance Aqua can avoid the risk of delayed supplies by acquiring and installing the equipment well in advance, before the scheduled commencement date of April 30th. The supplier should be given early dates, of say March 31st as the deadline for delivery. In such an instance, even if the delivery delays and is done on April 10th, for instance, Aqua will still have ample time to install and test the equipment in readiness for the actual launching on April 30th ( Butler, 2010, p. 60). Aqua Plc. may as well consider increasing the capacity of its current equipment and therefore eliminating the need to have new equipment supplied. Because the old equipment is already in existence at the firm’s premises, there would be no chances of delays being experienced in terms of suppliers’ hindrance. Inst ead, Aqua will only need to introduce the night shift sessions such that its capacity is upgraded to the targeted volume. Risk reduction Aqua needs to have at least two different supplier firms for each category of equipment and materials. This will provide the firm with more assurance that the plan’s chances of failing are limited. As the deadline of the implementation approaches, Aqua needs to constantly keep in touch with the supplier to determine whether the ability to deliver the equipment on time is still there. In case for one reason or the other the supplier is unable to deliver as agreed, a second supplier firm should immediately be informed so that arrangements can be put into place (Baruch, Klosterman, 2013, p. 240). Alternatively, a better way of reducing the risk would be to include clauses in the supply contract that spell out measures to be applied to the breaching party (Ribeiro, 2005, p. 53). Aqua Plc. can consider including a clause that require the supplie r to pay 20 percent of the contract’s value in case delivery of the equipment is done after the scheduled dates. Any further delays, of say more than a week, should see the supplier pay up to 30 percent of the contract’s value. The money acquired from the penalty will be used to reduce the risk level, such as investing it on the current equipment in order to enable night shift operations. Recommendation The best remedy for Aqua Plc. in addressing the risk that it is currently facing is to avoid the risk altogether. In particular, the avoidance should be by way of acquiring the equipments in advance, before the actual launching date of April 30th. The firm should identify the rightful supplier but quote March 31st as the final date of delivering the equipment. Once delivery and installation is done as agreed, Aqua Plc. should engage the services of the supplier in test running the equipment to ascertain its viability. For a period of four weeks, between March 31st and A pril 30th, Aqua Plc should undertake training of its staffs, particularly those that will be involved directly in operating the equipment, to increase their efficiency. The services of the supplier firm should be hired to support in the training exercise. The official launching date of April 30th should see Aqua Plc run the new equipment at full-scale capacity. This will ensure that the firms’ objective of achieving its expected volume is actually attained on time. Conclusion Aqua Plc. is facing the challenge of increasing its production capacity in order to lower the high cost of production. Its marketing function has also established the need to directly distribute finished products to the retailers while by passing the distributors and suppliers. The firm has to acquire a new equipment to enable it achieve the right production levels. However, this is risky because the supplier for the new equipment is likely to delay and thus affect the production. The risk is high becaus e the cost of acquiring the new equipment is 1,500,000.00. Additionally, the old equipment currently in operation does not meet the health, safety and quality standards as are defined by the World Health Organisation. In essence, Aqua Plc further faces a reputation risk because buyers may easily shun the products by virtue of the fact that they do not meet the standards. The firm can avoid these risks by planning to acquire the equipment and materials well in advance, or upgrade the existing equipment to increase its volume capacity. A risk reduction remedy for the firm could involve adopting more than one supplier for contingency reasons or including clauses in the supply contracts that seeks to punish the supplier in case of delayed deliveries. Aqua should adopt the risk avoidance strategy of installing the equipments and materials prior to the launch date. List of References Baruch, S, Klosterman, B 2013, ‘A best practices approach to physical corporate preparedness utilis ing emergency supplies’, Journal of Business Continuity Emergency Planning, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 240-252 Beatty, A, Scott Liao, W, Weber, J 2010, ‘The effect of private information and monitoring on the role of accounting quality in investment decisions’, Contemporary Accounting Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 17-47 Berry, A, Collier, P 2007, ‘Risk in supply chains: exploratory case studies in the automotive industry’, International Journal of Risk Assessment Management, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1005-1026 Burnard, K, Bhamra, R 2011, ‘Organisational resilience: development of a conceptual framework for organisational responses’, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 49, no. 18, pp. 5581-5599 Butler, A 2010, ‘Risk avoidance’, Aviation Week Space Technology, vol. 172, no. 32, p. 60 Kremljak, Z, et al 2012, ‘Supply chain and identification of risks with heuristic tools’, TTEM- Technics Technologies Educatio n Management, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1717-1726 Mitchell, V, Moutinho, L, Lewis, B 2003, ‘Risk reduction in purchasing organisational professional services’, Service Industries Journal, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1-19 Morten M, M, John, J, Harry, B 2003, ‘Managing buyer-supplier relationships and inter-organisational competence development’, Integrated Manufacturing Systems, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 369-379 Piercey, DM 2011, ‘Documentation requirements and quantified versus qualitative audit risk assessments’, Auditing, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 223-248 Real, J, Leal, A, Roldà ¡n, J 2006, ‘Determinants of Organisational Learning in the generation of technological distinctive competencies’, International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 35, no. 1/4, pp. 284-307 Reissner, SC 2008, Narratives of organisational change and learning: making sense of testing times, n.p.: Northampton, MA Ribeiro, R 2005, ‘Chapter 4: How to manage the risksâ€℠¢, Commercial contracts — Drafting Techniques Precedents. London: Thorogood Publishing Ltd. Soares, J et al. 2011, ‘Quantitative vs. qualitative criteria for credit risk assessment’, Frontiers in Finance Economics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 69-87 Tong, S 2013, ‘Exploring corporate risk transparency: corporate risk disclosure and the interplay of corporate reputation, corporate trust and media usage in initial public offerings’, Corporate Reputation Review, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 131-149 Yen-Ku, K, Kung-Don, Y 2010, ‘How employees’ perception of information technology application and their knowledge management capacity influence organisational performance’, Behaviour Information Technology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 287-303 This assessment on Risk Management: Aqua Plc. was written and submitted by user Raul S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An exploration into the role of social group stereotyping in teen movies with particular reference to Wild Child 2008 Essay Example

An exploration into the role of social group stereotyping in teen movies with particular reference to Wild Child 2008 Essay Example An exploration into the role of social group stereotyping in teen movies with particular reference to Wild Child 2008 Essay An exploration into the role of social group stereotyping in teen movies with particular reference to Wild Child 2008 Essay Essay Topic: Call of the Wild Dubliners Into the Wild Thirteen Reasons Why Wild An exploration into the role of social group stereotyping in teen movies with particular reference to Wild Child 2008 A stereotype is the preconceived assumption about an individuals characteristics, which place them in a particular group in society. Stereotyping usually forms the basis of prejudice and discrimination not only racial, gender and sexuality but in sub-stereotyping such as the jocks, plastics and geeks as demonstrated in countless teen films. It is a form of social consensus rather than individual judgments and is subconsciously practised by everyone, right or wrong, its inescapable. Walter Lippmann argued that seeing through stereotypes (which he coined in this specific meaning) subjected us to partial truths. 1. The teen sitcom, Saved By The Bell features a typical group of high school stereotypes such as a class clown (Zack Morris), a jock (A.C. Slater), a nerd (Samuel Screech Powers), a cheerleader (Kelly Kapowski), a feminist (Jessie Spano), and a superficial fashion plate (Lisa Turtle) 2 Representation is the artificial versions of the reality we perceive around us; the messages and ideas we interpret from an image / sound. Representation began with early literary theory in the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, Mitchell says representation is an extremely elastic notion, which extends all the way from a stone representing a man to a novel representing the day in the life of several Dubliners3. Semiotic study refers to the meaning of signs and media uses this method to influence the audiences reading of the text. In the teen-pic such signs used are the glasses, the high-wasted-ankle-bashing trousers with braces, slicked down hair unflattering clothing and spots for the geek as shown in Not another Teen Movie directed by Joel Gallen released in 2002 parodies almost 30 popular teen movies. There is no plot to the film, simply a mixture of clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s and other classic moments and a common use of conventions from previous teen pictures. Chyler Leigh as Janey Brigs is a nerd who wears glasses paint splattered overalls and a simplistic hair style, who is later transformed into a prom beauty. The director uses this iconography to establish their characters clearly. The teen movie, also referred to as teenpic and teen film, is a sub-genre, which is targeted at teenagers in which the narrative is based upon the special interests of young adults. One of the first teenpic began in 1955 rebel without a cause this was the first time society came to understand that teenagers (young adults) existed. In 1990, Rebel Without a Cause was added to the preserved films of the United States Library of Congresss National Film Registry as being deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant4 The stories, of what most teenpics are about, are known by theorists as the liminal experience (Adrian Martin 1994). The period suggesting, Frozen teenage time between childhood and adulthood. Over the years the teen movie has merged with other genres: 1970s saw one of the most famous musical films ever Grease followed in the 1980s by Dirty Dancing and more recent High School Musical. In addition to musicals the teen-horror hybrid has emerged, the craze starte d in the last 1970s with Halloween. This exploits the teenage market as a mass audience by not being an enclosed genre and conforming to what constitutes a popular culture at that contemporary time. Wild Child 2008 is a contemporary teenage movie, directed by Nick Moore starring Emma Roberts as Poppy Moore, Alex Pettyfer as Freddie Kingsley and Natasha Richardson as Mrs. Kingsley. Institutionally Wild Child was released in the U.K on August 15 taking 5th place at the box office with $2,196,366 from 359 theatres. In its 4th weekend, it dropped to 12th place.5 Todorovs theory can be applied to Wild Child, as it can to most modern teenpics, because of the narratives equilibrium, disequilibrium and new equilibrium. The narrative explores the life of a spoilt American teenager living the high life in the USA (equilibrium) who is sent to an upper-class private boarding school for girls. Naturally Poppy rebels against the regime as she struggles to find a way to get herself expelled. (Disequilibrium). After numerous failed attempts the ultimate route to expulsion appears to lie in seducing the headmistresss son: Freddie. But as the time of her expulsion draws ever closer and Poppy star ts to settle in and make friends her motives change as she becomes aware of the person she wants to be. (New equilibrium). Wild Child differs somewhat from a lot of teen-pics because the characters are less caricature than those found in a typical, most often American, teen film. The friendship groups do not seem as conventionally defined as most, such as in Mean Girls. It appears to be aimed at the younger teen because of the mild language and absence of strong sexual content and only holds a certificate rating of PG-13, whereas the majority of films are targeted at the late teens and have a certificate rating of 15 18. The director may have seen this gap in the market and created Wild Child specifically for the younger adolescence. The filming on Wild Child does not draw attention to itself however different lighting and colour is used in the beginning of the film of that used later. When Poppy is living her pampered life in Los Angeles the lighting appears artificial being very bright with exaggerated colours and picturesque mis en scene of the beach. Everyones clothes are rich in colour along with a brilliant bright blue sky and ocean, which reflects the perfect weather and lifestyle Poppy had. This is juxtaposed by the grey mundane boarding school of Abbey Mount. The lighting becomes much more natural and colours are less obvious and this conveys realism. The film language supports Poppy as a character, in L.A she chose to wear lots of makeup and long blonde extensions, her attitude was bitchy and spoilt and she was saturated with luxuries that she did not appreciate. Moving to England her personality transformed from worshiping her cell phone to realising her over-dependence on materialistic objects and bec oming honest and true to her friends changing her hair colour to a more subtle brown and ditching the make up. Her character had changed to more down to earth because of the social crowd she was integrating with. The ideology present in the middle of the film touches on body consciousness and image obsession of young girls which is one of societies most talked about issues. A nationwide survey of more than 10,000 adolescents, published in the August issue of Pediatrics, reports a high rate of concern about body image in both boys and girls.6 Poppy asks her friends whether she is hot to trot she tans and cries when she discover ..new season of Gucci in her suitcase is soaking wet. Other ideas along with this include love and relationships, the decline of the nuclear family and rebellion. In the United States of America, the third most populous nation, just under 25% of family units are considered nuclear families.7 The ideology used represents the current social context in which it is set and this is to ensure the teenpic genre is continually renewed to accommodate to its changing audiences. In addition to larger scaled present-day matters Wild Child also taps into individual characters dilemmas of coping with change and social integration between the sub-groups of a high school; worries of how to conform in order to be perceived as one of them. This personal ideology allows the audience to identify with characters. Bullying between social groups has always been a problem in high schools and this is represented in the teenpic. Rebel Without a Cause demonstrates this when Plato, an outsider whom is confused between reality and his own lies but strives for companionship, is rejected by everyone at college and picked on by Buzzs popular bunch. In the 1950s the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States broke out and McCarthyism may have been a factor affecting the inclusion of conflict bullying and violence in the movie. Name calling chicken and even knives were drawn in the beginning of the film followed later by police chases, guns and results in Platos death . McCarthyism was a widespread social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate and conflict in the United States.8 With reference to Wild Child Poppy uses email to bully her friends. Cyber-bullying is a growing issue affecting many teenagers all over the world because of social network sites such as Facebook and Bebo and MSN messenger and email. 42% of kids have been bullied while online. One in four has had it happen more than once 9; and because of this a national anti-bullying week has been held every year since 2005. Teenagers watch teen films for a number of reasons. I think the audiences of teenpics are actively using the text for their particular needs (uses and gratifications theory): Affective needs for entertainment, particularly humor. For example American Pie a successful comedy teen hybrid, dependant on the awkward sex scenes and embarrassment of a high school group for complete hilarity. Also the audience use these films for cognitive needs, to acquire information and understanding of other teens of similar age that come from different cultures. I think teen movies make empathising with others outside of your own social group for youths easier, as many films home into how the under-dog feels i.e. the geek in the teenpic. For example an audience member who falls under the popular category at their own school when watching a teen-pic such as Never Been Kissed and identifying with Josie Gellar who was mocked teased and rejected her whole high school life. Never Been Kissed directed by Raja Gosnell in 1999 is a story about a copy editor from the Chicago Sun Times who is sent undercover to her old high school to find out about what teenagers are like. The film language unveils Josies tormented past through the use of flashbacks. As an audience we are able to understand other peoples emotions in situations unfamiliar to us through their perspective. In contrast an audience may watch a teen movie for self identity. Idolising celebrities and aspiring to be like them, and visualising themselves as that character. A student studying dance is likely to select a dance / teen movie such as Bring it on, Save the Last Dance, Honey and Stomp the Yard because the audience have similar interests and may look, be or act like the character in the film. Wild Child addresses issues which most closely affect the younger teen audience. The film is set in England and so it is most likely to attract an English audience. Following the repertoire of elements for the teen-pic genre the common narratives usually include the high school prom Carrie, the geek becoming popular Thirteen, falling in love High School Musical, loosing of virginity American Pie and getting into college. Generally they follow Todorovs theory with a linear narrative. Teen-pics generally have a feel good happy ending. The popular girls get punished, the geek seeks justice and theres always the ugly girl who falls in-love, Shes All That. A lot of teen films leave the ending inconclusive and produce sequels such as Final Destination 2000 a horror-teen hybrid, there are now four of these movies. The first Final Destination was released before the plane crash attacks of 9/11 in America so was not based on theses events regardless of it being about a premonition about a plane crash. The topical issues and ideology make up the genre of teen. Drugs are commonly present in teen-pics for example Thirteen 2004 directed by Catherine Hardwicke is about a thirteen-year-old girls relationship with her mother is put to the test as she discovers drugs, sex, and petty crime in the company of her cool but troubled best friend. Smoking, snorting cocaine and misuse of solvents all take place during the film. The sickly green wash of the filming and the use of an unsteady hand held camera towards the end of the narrative creates an uneasy trippy feel representing the characters perspective of life. A survey by the World Health Organization reveals that one in three 15 year olds have had sex, two out of three have been drunk and one in three has tried cannabis.10 Thirteen reflects these shocking statistics, as impressionable Tracey finds herself in these situations when peer pressure takes over. The setting is usually at the high school or the shopping mall and other popular teenage hang out points. For example the fairground in Grease. In Wild Child Poppy spends a day raiding the charity shops in the local town near Abbey Mount School with some of her new friends, during this scene Poppys rebellious side is reflected when she purchases alcohol at just 16. The other girls are so impressed by this they adopt her behaviour and attend the evenings disco very drunk wearing outrageous outfits. The stock characters used in teen movies distinguish the teen genre. The archetypical characters rely heavily on cultural types to reflect realism of a high school but in an exaggerated way; this enables the audience to instantly form an opinion and have ready expectations about the role a particular character will play because of previous existing characters. Mean Girls introduces the Plastics, Regina George, Gretchen Wieners and Karen Smith. Dressed all in pink, pristine hair and perfect physique with their artificial smiles, the audience at once understand that they are the mean popular / cheerleader type who every girl in school hates but aspires to be like. The girls are referred to as Plastics which reflects todays societys cosmetic surgery obsession. It is leaked out in the film that Regina has had a nose job and her mother, breast implants. In 2003, more than 223,000 cosmetic procedures were performed on patients 18 years of age or younger and almost 39,000 were surgical proc edures such as nose reshaping, breast lifts, breast augmentation, liposuction, and tummy tucks. Every high school has its own social structure with the Jocks and the Cheerleaders top of the hierarchy and the nerds and band geeks at the bottom and this is why directors use them in their text. To make one teen pic unlike another a unique character who doesnt fall typically into a social stereotypical group. Usually being the central protagonist this character is the peace-maker and do-gooder. Lyndsay Lohan in Mean Girls 2004 directed by Mark Waters plays Cady Heron a girl who grew up in Africa and homeschooled, moves to the USA to attend the last year of high school. She didnt really fit into any category and just seemed like a regular teenager and not a Hollywood manufactured archetype. She befriends a socially excluded Goth and bullied gay boy and then slowly transforms into one of the Plastic cliques. Later good comes out of evil when she returns back to her old self and the girls are confronted by their victims. Cady played the interesting character which makes each teen pic individual. Other archetypes include the sexually active bad geeks, jocks, the hot foreign exchange student. In Wild Child Harriet explains the Abbey Mount hierarchy: There is a hierarchy: Teachers, prefects, scholars, dogs, vermin and Americans this differs somewhat to the American high school structure. The iconography of typical teen-pics comprise of cars, books, rucksacks, featuring cafeterias, the gymnasium clothes shops and classrooms as the mis en scene. Almost all have the classic social stereotyping of the students. Each of the sub-groups has an expected location in the school. The tables in the cafeteria will be separated, occupied by one social group at each, little communication occurs between one table and the next. The jocks will have possession over the gymnasium and the basketball courts the music room always crowded by band geeks the girls toilets made unavailable by a row of plastics re-applying their lipstick and a group of cheerleaders ogling the football players on the school field. Conclusively social group stereotyping has played a leading role in the success of the teenpic spanning over decades. They allow directors to establish their genre through these archetypical characters and assist an audience in forming ready ideas about the role they are going to play. As and audience it is in our preference to witness the reoccurrence of the stereotypes identified in a high school because it reflects a reality and allows us to empathise with a character that in life we see and ignore everyday. It provides excellent opportunities for directors to produce parodies on the teen-pic such as Not another Teen Movie because of all the humorous spoofs available to include; and most teens enjoy humour. Although the social structure in teen films has always been present, the characters themselves have evolved with time. The bullies in Rebel Without a Cause differ slightly to the kind of bully we expect to find in a more contemporary teenpic and with this being the case, I thin k the use of social group stereotypes will never tire.

Discussion question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion question - Coursework Example number of body parts pierced either as a declaration of their personal individualism, a recuperation of their bodies from emotional or physical trauma, as a way of sexual fulfilment or stimulation or for as a means of decoration. Art does not help in keeping the practice in balance since people indulge in body piercing for various reasons. This can be affirmed by claim of Rand that the foundations of capitalism tattered by an overflow of self-sacrifice, which is the source of the contemporary worlds decay (Rand, 1967). I believe Karl Max was correct in stating that capitalism is self-destructing. Capitalism has led to competitive capitalism that serves as both an instrument for attaining economic self-determination and a necessary state for political freedom. These are factors linked to the concept of individuality (self-destruction). According to Friedman, it costs funds to discriminate, and it is extremely hard, given the unfriendly nature of market conditions (Friedman 1982). This is a confirmation of Max declaration on

Review of Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Literature - Essay Example It will show that the profession has evolved, with a noted increase in demand for nurses as their roles get more specialized, sophisticated and technologically driven. According to Blanche (2010) clinical experience, education and continuing education have been the main contributing factors in the transformation of the nursing industry and keeping the nurses on top of their practice. According to Boltz (2011), the nursing industry has gone through changes in the kind of technology used, new fields have been introduced and new education curricula and levels have been developed. He adds that, however, the primary role of nursing has been subjected to all these changes to make it remain the same; to promote health and wellness through its caring practice. The changes and developments have all served to makes today’s nurse foster a better relationship with patients, which translates into satisfaction for the patients, their families, fellow nurses and the entire industry. Boltz (2 011) also points out that a significant shift in nursing approach has been that of currently viewing it as a relationship focused on a patient, rather than the task oriented approach of the 1960s. In agreement with Boltz’s sentiments, Blanche (2010) contributes that contemporary nursing practice emphasizes on formulating a correlation between healthcare and relationship development, which results in more individualized care plans, better and optimal care results. Koloroutis et al (2004) opine that the nursing fraternity today acknowledges the need of instilling into patients the feeling that the nurse is in touch with their problem and can handle it from the patients’ point of grievances, rather than a worker who only needs to complete a task. Sullivan-Marx et al (2010) points out that with growing specialization in medicine, physicians started collaborating with and mentoring nurses who possessed clinical experience in the early 1960s. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (2009), as the physicians moved out of primary care to specialize in certain fields, there grew a shortage of personnel in primary care, especially in the medically underserved rural areas. Medicaid and Medicare moved in to provide health care programs and coverage for the low-income population, persons with disabilities, the elderly and children in 1965. USDHHS (2009) further explains that with the sudden availability of the programs and coverage, there came a high and sudden demand for the expansion of primary care services and nurses. In the same year, a renowned nurse, Loretta Ford, and physician Henry Silver, developed the first nurse practitioners’ training program focusing on families and children health, disease prevention, and health promotion. Serving as a foundation, it has developed into the advanced nursing practice of today. According to Sullivan-Marx et al (2010) the opportunity, availed by the then shortage of physicians, has given birth to the current specialties of nursing. Today’s nurses are taking on roles previously reserved for the physicians. Nurse midwives are a good example. They are presently a highly regarded group as they not only reduce infant mortality rates in underserved areas, but they are also equipped to train more practitioners in rural areas, especially in developing countries. They work with local health

The History Of United States Essay Example for Free

The History Of United States Essay The differences between the federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and republicans under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson shaped the political and economic direction of America in their day. This paper asserts that these differences were determined by individual perceptions that gave birth to these ideological differences. When faced with the responsibility of leading the country, Jefferson embraced some of Hamilton’s ideas. Alexander Hamilton the federalist was born in the West Indies on 11th of January 1757. His party the Federalist Party was formed in 1792 and lasted all the way up to 1816. This was the first party to be formed in America On the other hand we have Thomas Jefferson who was the third president to rule United States of America and was born in 1743 in Virginia. He was very influential in laying the foundation for Republicanism. Unfortunately, the two leaders had very little in common. Jefferson’s Democratic Republican party was formed in 1792 with a motive of opposing Hamilton’s economic and monetary views but the party split in 1820s because of the party differences. He died on 4th July, 1826. Their philosophies on social, political, and economy were very different. For example they disagreed on the system of government, constitution and the funding of the federal government. The main focus of this paper will be to compare the similarities and differences between the social, economic and political philosophies of Alexander Hamilton and Federalism on one hand and Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans on the other. The paper will also try to look at why these political functions emerged, how the leaders viewed each other and from what segments of society they drew support from. Hamilton was a very strong advocate of a stable and strong centralized government and worked hard to convince the congress to enact laws that would facilitate its formation. He was basically talking about how this government could be financed, how a national bank would be created and where taxes will be obtained from for example, from imports and on whiskey. He was strongly inspired by British’s trade and its financial base. On the other hand Thomas Jefferson formed his Democratic-Republican Party which later came to be regarded as Republican Party to oppose the federalists view on economic and foreign policies such as the formation of a central government. They opposed Hamilton for proposing the extension of trade and other friendly business with foreign countries such as Britain. About the constitution, Hamilton wanted the constitution to be loosely interpreted while Thomas Jefferson and his party believed on strong and strict constitutional formation that would limit the judicial interpretations. They were opposed to the issue of forming a national government which they dismissed as unconstitutional. They also differed in the type of government they wanted for example Hamilton wanted a balanced economy with industries, agriculture and trade while Jefferson believed that the country could only be supported by the work of the common man. Hamilton since 1795 advocated for the promotion of trade to other parts. He also wanted international cooperation with Britain to be supported. Additionally, Hamilton wanted U. S to embrace a policy of tax collection and a national bank to cater for national debts while on the other hand the democratic Republican Party was against this although after the war in 1812, this party split after they were defeated, many young leaders who were against Hamilton’s idea of nationalism supported it and started advocating for strong military defense which they had in the past opposed. (Albert W. F. , 1984). Although Hamilton and Jefferson differed in many things, later Jefferson welcomed Hamilton policies. For example, after the former won the presidential elections of 1800. His strong opponents like Gallatin and Madison started adopting some of Hamilton’s policies like the formation of a national bank. They also started forming strong military base something that came into their mind soon after they lost in the war of 1812. They also embraced Hamilton’s policy of being flexible in interpreting the constitution. This is what is referred to as loose interpretation or using basket clause. Also the tariff policy so as be able to finance the federal government was adopted. Another thing borrowed from Hamilton was the issue of forming a strong standing army as well as the country’s economy that would be supported by the federal government. These both factions had different origins. The Democratic Republican Party originated from Philadelphia among the congressmen. In the beginning it was called the Republican Party but later, it was widely marketed in New York by Thomas Jefferson who included the states and other leaders from different localities. His party strongly advocated for liberty for all. On the other hand the Federalist Party was created by Hamilton alone and become its leader it relied on for urbanites it was the first to be formed in USA. Some saw it as people’s party while others criticized that it had a very weak connection with the masses. The Federalist Party started after Hamilton was appointed to the office by George Washington who was the then president. By this time he was a retired staff member. Hamilton wanted a federal government with a strong financial base. He went ahead and proposed his own economic program. He wanted the central government to cancel the debts that the sates occurred during the Revolutionary war of America and there by replacing it with a national debt. That is a debt that would be paid by the central government itself. He believed this would have only been possible if there was formed a national bank. His closest friend Madison left him and went to cater for his people in Virginia thus dropping the idea of nationalism. He later joined Jefferson in opposing Hamilton’s ideas. In 1790 Hamilton relentlessly started looking for followers countrywide. He believed that if he mobilized likeminded people and use his treasury networks to bring together all those people in the government like bankers and merchants, then he could make it. He began his politics in urban areas and as time went by, the party assumed a national identity and eventually became the Federalist Party. On the other hand, the Democratic Republican party was founded by two people that is, Jefferson and James Madison sometimes back in 1792. The party was formed with a motive of opposing Hamilton’s views on the economy and foreign policies. The foreign policies were of prime concern to the republicans. Hamilton wanted U. S to start having friendly relations with Britain and his party strongly condemned the French revolution. Jefferson’s party put ahead of all other things the freedom of Yeoman farmers and rights as opposed to federalism. He differed in Hamilton’s ideas on monetary things, national bank, creation and high spending in the military. In1790s the federalist and republicans traded abuse through newspapers. Hamilton was seen as a monarchist who never valued the American culture. He was accused of favouring the rich so that they could support his politics. Later they turned to using humors against each other. They opposed the treaty of 1784, Jay’s treaty that advocated for having relations with Britain and criticized the French revolution. They termed Britain and France as their archenemies. Jefferson and his supporters claimed federalism favored aristocracy instead of the ordinary people. However, after1812 Jefferson’s party split into two because of party differences. The young leaders in his party favored nationalism and creation of a strong army that would provide security to the Americans but Thomas Jefferson and his clues refused this. These younger leaders were Clay, Adams and Calhoun while the old party was headed by Randolph, Crawford and Nathaniel Macon. Both sides differed in beliefs which made them to support different factions. The later backed Andrew Jackson. After elections were held these factions became separate parties. The one for Jackson became the modern Democratic Party. The federalism party that was formed by Hamilton drew its support from all over but mainly from urbanites that would support his policies. Hamilton’s party had a lot of job opportunities thus it was able to attract many people while did not have many job opportunities. Jefferson drew his party support from the rurals whom he believed were the backbone of his party. . Alexander Hamilton firmly advocated for the government intervention and support in trade. He never advocated for free trade like it was the case in Britain for he believed this led to misuse of funds by channeling them to colonial powers. He believed that if his policies were implemented, then the economy would grow into stable heights. Hamilton was an orthodox although not a very strong believer. He did not believe that Christianity and democracy could go hand in hand. Hamilton misused religion to meet his political objectives especially during the revolution in France. To conclude, it can be said that Jefferson and Hamilton differed in many ways than they had in common. In the past they disagreed almost in everything but later Jefferson and the Democratic- Republicans changed their minds and embraced some his policies especially after they lost in war of 1812. His political party split because young leaders in his party like Clay and Adams supported the idea of nationalism and the creation of a strong army which the other faction in the party opposed. Finally after elections were held the two factions became parties. Jefferson’s party which was under Jackson became the Democratic Party while that for the youngsters faded after the civil war. After this, democrats welcomed some of Hamilton’s ideas such as having a strong central government as well as strong military base and an economy that would be controlled by the federal government. Jefferson believed in strict interpretation of the constitution that would limit the judiciary misinterpretation and Hamilton’s idea of creating a bank that would handle all financial cases of the central or federal government. This idea was also rejected by the representatives of the southern colonies whose economy did not favor the creation of a national bank. In short we can say that even in areas that they came to think alike, it was after they lost the war of 1812. The party became divided and the two parties went on their own. Reference: Albert W. F. , 1984. The Authority of Publius: A reading of the Federalist Papers. Ithaca, New York: Cornel University Press.

Concussions †Managing the Risk Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Concussions – Managing the Risk Imagine that one day you woke up and could no longer do the simple things you enjoy in life. What if you couldn’t even read the paper or watch a movie with a loved one? Many current and former athletes are suffering through this every day, and the reason for this is long-term brain damage which is a direct result of concussions. Unfortunately concussions have been rising at an alarming rate. This trend has not only been occurring in big money professional sports, but also in amateur sports like youth soccer. Concussions are quickly becoming an epidemic across the entire sporting world. Each year about 300 000 amateur and professional athletes suffer head injuries (Mcphee 1). Athletics must make some significant changes to deal with this ongoing crisis. First of all, more research must be done on concussions and athletes must be more informed about the risks they are taking. Secondly, the athletic community must look at the role of technology in sports and decide how i t should be applied to help improve this situation. Finally, the governing bodies of sport must implement rule changes to protect athletes from unnecessary risks during competition. Until these issues are addressed, this alarming trend of long-term brain injury will continue throughout the sporting world. A concussion is most often defined as a trauma induced alteration in mental status that may or may not involve loss of consciousness (Leclerc 2). Concussions can be sorted into three grades. The least serious is a grade one or mild concussion; this type of concussion occurs when there is no loss of consciousness and the posttraumatic amnesia is less than thirty minutes. The second grade of concussion is a grade two... ...?† Chronicle of Higher Education. Vol. 48.12, p.17. 16 November 2001. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. Moore, Anne. â€Å"Riddell tackling school market; Helmet design aims to lessen concussions. Crain’s Chicago Business. 5 August 2002. Gen’l Reference Ctr Gold. Infotrac. Potter, Douglass. â€Å"Effects of closed head injury on cognitive function.† University of Dundee Research Projects. 28 February 2003. . Roos, Robert. â€Å"Guidelines for Managing Concussion in Sports: A Persistent Headache.† The Physician and Sports Medicine. Date of visit unknown. . Schnirring, Lisa. â€Å"How Effective is Computerized Concussion Management?† Physician and Sportsmedicine. Vol. 29.8, p. 11. August 2001. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost.

Cuyahoga River

Daniel Groves Environmental Geology Case Study November 22, 2011 Cuyahoga River Fires â€Å"In the United States, a concerted effort is underway to reduce water pollution and thereby improve water quality. † (Keller) A case history of river pollution is the Cuyahoga River located in Northeastern Ohio. The river is 100 miles long flowing south to Cuyahoga Falls where it then turns north until it empties into Lake Erie. Cleveland and Akron are two major cities located along the river. The Cuyahoga is known as an infant glacial river, this is because it is one of the youngest river created from the melting of the glaciers.It is estimated that the river is about 13,000 year old. The story of the Cuyahoga is one with many lows and highs. The fires being the lows; new legislation and organizations formed to clean up and then prevent this from happening to other rivers being the highs. The name â€Å"Cuyahoga† comes from Native American word meaning crooked river. The river wa s very useful to early Native Americans; it allowed for easy transportation and plenty of food. The river supported all types of wildlife that the natives would kill for their furs.Just as the Cuyahoga was useful for Native Americans, the European settlers used it in many of the same ways. Early European fur traders may have played a large part in the demise of the Cuyahoga. Many hunters would set up trading post along the river. During the War of 1812 the Native American had been displace by the new settlers. The Cuyahoga River Basin was a desirable area for most settlers. The Founding Fathers knew that the area that is now Ohio would be of great importance. They knew that the Cuyahoga was the prime spot because the river empties into Lake Erie.Soon large steel and rubber industries would build factories that produced tremendous amounts of untreated wastes. These industries are characterized by heavy manufacturing activity and an outflow of production. The pollution that was produc ed by these industries caused the river to be unsafe. The Cuyahoga River has had many fires over the years. The first fire in 1936 was rumored to be started by a blow torch spark. In 1952 a fire caused a million dollars’ worth of damage to river boats and riverfront businesses.On June 22, 1969 another river fire engulfed the river, this time the media coverage captured the attention of the nation. Time Magazine described the Cuyahoga as the river that â€Å"oozes rather that flows† and in which a person â€Å"doesn’t drown but decays†. Many of the residents of Cleveland accepted the pollution as a necessary evil because they had jobs at these factories. This article helped the people of Cleveland pass a 100 million dollar bond to clean up the Cuyahoga River. Much of the industry that both made Cleveland rich and caused its river to burn may never be coming back.The costs of these fires were tremendous, but it did help lead to laws being passed to prevent this from happening in other rivers. One such law was the Clean Water Act of 1972. The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the primary federal law in which the US governs water pollution. The Act states the objectives of eliminating releases of high amounts of toxic substances into water. The CWA made it unlawful to dump toxic materials into navigable, waters unless given a permit. The permit is given through the EPA’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.The purpose of The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System is to regulate point sources that flow into bodies of water. The Clean Water Act has been changed over the years because of the development of technology. Another was the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement is a document constructed to keep the physical and biological integrity of the Great Lakes and the surrounding regions. It also includes many objectives and processes to maintain the integrity that was outlined in t he document.According to the 13th biennial reports on Great Lakes Water Quality December 2006, â€Å"We further believe that such progress depends, to a very substantial extent, on whether the Parties and other levels of government, working together, create the means by which they can be held accountable for progress toward achieving the objectives of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. † (Commission) Another Organization that was formed as a result of the Cuyahoga River fires is the â€Å"Cuyahoga River Remedial Action Plan† or RAP. RAP was created in 1988 by Ohio EPA as a community based program aimed at restoring the Cuyahoga River.Their goals are to inform the community of the effects of pollution and to work with industries to stop the pollution of the river. â€Å"The RAP is a proven resource for bringing together technical knowledge, stakeholders and local officials in a supportive setting to develop and implement effective solutions for restoring our loca l streams. † (Erie Brand Streams and Rivers) It is amazing how a river catching fire opens the eyes of so many people. It took Time Magazine to scare a nation into do something about individuals and companies dumping untreated waste into rivers and lakes.When more people realized what these industries were doing to their hometown, they took action. Even though things for the Cuyahoga and the Great Lakes are improving there is still much to be done. Works Cited Commission, International Joint. 13th Biennial Report On Great Lakes Water Quality. 2006. Erie Brand Streams and Rivers, . â€Å"Operations and Maintenance. † Epa. gov. CRCPO, Nov 2003. Web. 21 Nov 2011. . Keller, Edward A. Introduction To Environmental Geology. 4th. Prentice Hall, 2008. Cuyahoga River The Cuyahoga River The Cuyahoga River is located in northeastern Ohio running through the major cities of Cleveland and Akron. The river is 100 miles long and empties into Lake Erie. It was said to be formed by the advancement and retreat of ice sheets during the ice age. The final retreat caused the river to flow north ward which had flowed southward before. (Michael) In more recent times, the Cuyahoga River was known as â€Å"the river that caught fire. † This is because the river was polluted from industrial companies spilling their waste into the river during the late 1880’s all the way up to the mid 1900’s.The river had a top layer of oil coating it which got thicker as years went by. People who worked on the river had a goal of not falling overboard into the river. One Cleveland mayor, Rensselaer R. Herrick, of the 1880’s even stated, â€Å"It is a sewer that runs through the heart of the city. † (Michael & The) The river was so polluted that it was like a cauldron to most. Even rats had been seen flowing down the river. Residents near Cleveland said they could feel the pollution. (Michael) Richard Ellers was a resident in Cleveland. He states, â€Å"Back in the '60s †¦I went on a news excursion on the river downtown to show how bad the pollution was. I remember we could see a layer of crud on the water but didn't appreciate its thickness of the pollution on Cuyahoga River until I dipped my hand into it. † (Cuyahoga) The river was devastating to live by, but much worse to be around. It was so contaminated that it caught on fire multiple times. The fires had started ever since 1868. River fires became the most occurring incidents on the river. These occurrences quickly gave Cleveland a tarnished name and a realization for all about how unclean the river really was. Michael & The) As the dirty river got worse over time, so did the fires. The Cuyahoga River fire of 1969 happened in June of that year beside Campb ell Road in southeastern Cleveland near the Republic Steel Mill. (Michael) There were large amounts of debris soaked of oil that were just waiting to all burn up in flames one day. It was said to be either sparked by a passing train or molten steel. (Ohio & The) The fire grew enough for flames to be leaping up from the water. (Michael) It could’ve burned down Cleveland if not tamed.It was swiftly doused by local firefighting tugboat crews. It was safe to know that it did not cause maximum damage or any fatality. Fortunately, it was also the last river fire to happen. (Ohio & The) This incident became known all over the country. The U. S. was becoming more eco aware of the environment. Cleveland started taking strides in protecting the river and cleaning it up. Residents passed a bond that granted 100 million dollars to clean it up. Cleveland was still the symbol of environmental degradation even though it was taking steps towards pollution control though. Ohio) â€Å"The thi ck pollution on the water and the fire became a convenient example of what ‘bad' really is,† said Frank Samsel, whose company aided in early 1970s cleanup efforts. â€Å"And the more you talked down about how terrible it was, the more the press and news jumped on it. But it also made people aware of the fact that things could be different. † Cleveland was wide awake about how bad they let things get. (Cuyahoga) Time magazine wrote an article about the incident which put pressure on Cleveland about hygienic regulation.They already had enough pressure due to their bad reputation about the unhygienic river. (Ohio) Mayor, Carl Stokes, started to become very active in the situation. He could see how it affected the city and used that to make positive changes. (Cuyahoga) Carl Stoke’s brother got involved as well. US representative, Louis Stokes, urged federal involvement. The legislature passed the National Environment Protection Act (NEPA) which was signed into law Jan 1st, 1970. It was an act that formed the agency Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which led to the put forth of the Clean Water Act of 1972.It mandates that all rivers in the United States to be hygienic enough to allow mass amounts of swimmers and fish in the water by 1983. (Cuyahoga & The) The progress became very noticeable to not only the residents near the Cuyahoga River, but to the country as well. (The) The legislature had invested 3. 5 billion into the purification of the river and new sewer systems. (Ohio) The Cuyahoga River became safer and residents felt at ease again. Most importantly, the country was educated and thought more about the environment in which they lived in. Michael) The Cuyahoga River of 1969 brought positive change after all. The U. S hasn’t seen a river fire since 1969. The water quality improved greatly. (The) Today, it is a playground to fish and swim in like most rivers. The river is now home to 60 different species of fish as well. The river fire reshaped Cleveland and the realities of life. (Ohio) Bibliography Michael Rotman, â€Å"Cuyahoga River Fire,† Cleveland Historical, accessed February 25, 2013, http://clevelandhistorical. org/items/show/63 Ohio History Central – An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History – Ohio Historical Society. Ohio History Central – An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History – Ohio Historical Society. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. . Cuyahoga River fire 40 years ago ignited an ongoing cleanup campaign | cleveland. com. † Cleveland OH Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather – cleveland. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. . The return of the Cuyahoga. Dir. Lawrence R. Hott. Perf. Cleveland. Ideastream ;, 2008. DVD.